Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of Tilvaka (Viburnum nervosum D. Don): A narrative review.

Abstract

Introduction

Tilvaka (Viburnum nervosum D. Don.)  belongs to the family Caprifoliaceae. It is a deciduous shrub of Himalayan and north-eastern regions of India. In classical texts, it is mentioned under Shyamadi Gana and shat sodhana vriksha (purifying trees), indicating its purgative property. It is an ingredient of formulations like Arguvadi taila, primarily indicated for vata vyadhi (Diseases due to vata imbalance), pandu roga (anaemia)and udara roga (abdominal diseases), etc. The current review compiled the data on Tilvaka and evaluated its traditional claims in light of modern findings.

Methodology

Data were collected and compiled from classical Ayurvedic texts, scientific literature, ethnobotanical data, and pharmacological reports from databases, including PubMed and Web of Science. Information on identification, traditional uses, phytoconstituents, and therapeutic intervention was analysed.

Result

Tilvaka is a medicinal shrub of the Himalayan region of India. It is also known by other names like Telam, Thelka and Asara. It has purgative action. In classical and folk medicine, different parts- bark, fruit, and the whole plant are used to treat various conditions like anaemia and dysmenorrhea, etc. Phytochemical studies have confirmed its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-cancerous activity due to the presence of compounds- terpenoids, triterpenoids and bergenin.  

Discussion

Tilvaka is a Himalayan medicinal plant that was confused with Lodhra, later identified as Viburnum nervosum by Thakur Balwant Singh. It is a mild virechaka (purgative) drug with ovate leaves and drupe fruit. In folklore, its fruit, root, and bark are used in anaemia and GIT disorders and is key ingredients of formulations like Tilvaka ghrta and Pippalayadi kshara. Phytochemically, it contains terpenoids, glycosides, etc. responsible for possessing antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

Conclusion

Tilvaka is classical drug used in conditions like Pandu, Krimi and Kustha. It is an endangered species, requires complete Pharmacognostical-phytochemical profiling along with propagation and conservation techniques for future use.